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| Antimachos | King of Bactria, um 171-160 B.C. , brother of Demetrios. He was in combat with Eucradites whose revolt in 171 B.C. upset the equilibrium in the Bactrian. |
| Aratabanus III. | King of Parthia, 80-90 A.D. He assumed a hostile attitude towards the Romans. Because of his oppresive reign he was with the help of the Romans (Tiberius und Vitellius) several times expelled and later recalled. His sons Bardanes and Gotarzes led a civil war. |
| AVGG(G) | This points out that there were two emperors at the same time or that there was a colleagueship of three Augusti ruling . |
| AVGVSTVS, AVG |
This title was bestowed on Octavian B.C. 27 as titel of honour For his successors it bexcame the title of sovereignity. |
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| Berytus | Beirut, one of the oldest sea-ports of Phoenicia. The city was destroyed B.C. 140 by the Syrian king Tryphon. It was restored by Agrippa and made a colony. Therefore Latin legend. |
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| CAESAR | Until Hadrianus one of the three titles of sovereignity (AVGVSTVS AND IMPERATOR), then the title for appointed successor. In the Tetrarchy Caesares were Augusti of second rank, bestowed with great power such as ruling provinces. |
| Capitolias | Probably at Beit-er-Ras, south-east of Gadara, in Syria , district Decapolis. (Head: page 787) - |
| CONSECRATIO | The consecratio of a deceased emperor was usually urged by his successor, from motives either of piety and gratitude, or of ambition. That apotheosis of emperors was decreed by the Senate. |
| Consul COS | Annual elected magistrates who were invested with all the powers of royalty. Always on the 1st of January came the new magistrates into power. Since, from time of Iulius Caesar, to the lower empire, the practice prevailed of princes inscribing on their coins their own consulates, and the repetitions of them.The emperors observed no fixed rules in the assumption of the consulate; i.e. Hadrians COS III lasted from 119-138 .A.D. |
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| DDDD NNNN AVGG ET CAESS | DOMINI NOSTRI AVGVSTI ET CAESARES (= our Lords the AUGUSTI (2) and CAESARES (2). |
| Demetrios | King of Bactria and India about 205-171 B.C. Son of Euthymedos I. He conquered part on India, the Panjab to the Ganges. Under Demetrios and his sons Euthymedos III, Demetrios II, Pantaleon and Agathokles Greeks, Iranian and Indian were living peacfully together. The coins after Attic standard have a Greek and Karoshti legend. |
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| Ephesus | Under the Romans it was the capital of of the provice of Asia Minor. Ist position and the excellence of ist harbours , made it the chief emporium for the trade of all Asia within the Taurus. The town also played an importatnt role in the early history of Christianity. (s. Smith Classical Dictionary.) |
| Eucratides | King of Bactria, 170-145 B.C. , He extended his realm. He appointed some of his successful generals to his rank. To the best known kings of this period were Apollodotos and Menander. |
| Euthymedos I. | King of Bactria 231-200 B.C., native of Magnesia. Founder of the greatness of the Bactrian monarchy. His dominions were invaded about B.C. 212, by Antiochus the Great, with whom he eventually concluded a treaty of peace. |
| Euthymedos II. | King of Bactria, 190-171 B.C. , He is only known by coins |
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| Homonoeia | Soll die Eintracht zwischen Städten bekunden. Siehe Franke, Peter Robert und Margret Korola Nollé: Die Homonioa-Münzen Kleinasiens und der thrakischen Randgebiete. Saarbrücken 1997. |
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| Ingelheim | on the Rhine. Today a small town near Bingen head apparently been the favourite imperial palace of Charles the Great (747-814). Until the 12th century the imperial court held there his meetings and conventions. In the 14th and 15th centuruy Ingelheim had been the place of the prime court. (see Meyers Taschenlexikon, Geschichte in 6 Bände. Mannehim 1982) |
| Iulianus von Pannonien | Marcus Aurelius Iulianus Sabinus, corrector Venetiae et Histriae. He was proclaimed emperor after Carus death about 283/284 A.D. in Pannonia but shortly afterwards slain by Carinus near Verona. |
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| Kushan 130 B.C. - 350 A.D. | Their homeland is Sogdiana, then North Afghanistan, the Choresmian kingdom and part of North India were conquered. In 215 A.D. under Viam Kadphises gold coins were issued. the metal was furnished by the many Roman aureii exportet to India for all sorts of precious goods. The Kushans controlled the moste important trade routes to the Roman Empire. |
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| Lentulus Gnaeus | Member of the patrician family Cornelia. He was paymaster to Pompey's troops in Spain |
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| Matidia | Matidia is the daughter of Marciana and niece of Traian. She was the mother of Sabina, who became the wife of Hadrianus. She was declared Augusta along with Plotina and Marciana Hadrian had several honours bestowed on her and nto on his wife. |
| Mithradates II. | King of Parthia, 123-88/87 B.C.; a great organizer of the Parthian realm. Under the Parthians and Romans met for the first time. He invested himself with the titel "Basileos Basileon Megaloi" |
| Mithradates III. | King of Parthia 57-54 B.C.; After his father, Phraates III, had been murder he fled to Syria, fearing his brother's (Orodes II) revange. Despite the help of the Roman consul A. Gabinus in Seleukia he was caught and executed. |
| Mithradates IV. | King of Parthia, 140 B.C. mit den Titeln Philopator Philodelphos. Sein Bruder Pharnakes I. war König von Pontos |
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| Neokoros | De am meisten begehrte Ehrentitel, der an Orte verliehen wurde, die sich um den Kaiserkult verdient gemacht hatten; dieser Titel konnte auch mehrmals geführt werden. (Franke, Robert: Kleinasien zur Römerzeit, 1968) |
| Nepotianus | Flavius Popilius, son of Eutropia, the half-sister of Constantine the Great. He was proclaimed emperor at Rome in A.d. 350, but was slain by Marcellinus, the general of the usurper Magnentius, after a reign of 28 days. (Smitz, W. Classical Dictionary) |
| NOBILISSIMVS NOB. CAES. or NOB. C. | In progress of time, the Caesars began to add this epithet to their other titles, either to indicate an illustrious line of descent, or fictitiously to conceal a humble origin. (Stevenson: A Dictionary of Roman Coins) |
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| Orodes I. | King of Parthia 90-80 B.C. , brother of Mithradates III. His general Surenas defeated Crassus and the Romans. |
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| Pacorus II | King of Parthia, 78-105. He was a contemporary of Domitianus and Traianus. |
| Phraates IV. | King of Parthia 38-2 B.C. He commenced his reign by murdering his father and his many brothers. In consequence of his cruelty many of the Parthian nobles fled to Antonius (37 B.C.) Thus Phraates was invlolved in the war between Augustus and Antonius. (37/36 B.C.). The restoration of the Roman standards and prisoners brought about a co-existence between Romans and Parthians. Phraates IV was murdered by his wife Thermusa and her son Phraateces. |
| PP | PATER PATRIAE = Father of the Country. It was by this title that Augustus was most desirous of being called on his coins, as indicating the clemency of his goverment, and the security of the people under it. (Stevenson: A Dictionary of roman coins.) |
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| SEBASTOS (SEBASTOS) | The greek word for AUGUSTUS |
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| TR P, TR POT | TRIBUNICIA POTESTAS; the tribunes of the people, they were magistrates who protected the rights and advocated the claims of the plebeians against the patricians. Their legal period began December 10th and is renewed every year which helps to date coins. . |
| Vologases III. | King of Parthia, 105-147 A.D. He invaded Syria in 162, but the generals of the emperor Lucius Verus drove him back into hiw own dominions, invaded Mesopotamia and Assyria, and took Selaucia and Ktesiphon; and Vologeses was obliged to purchase peace by ceding Mesopotamia to the Romans. |
| Vologases IV. | King of Parthia, 147-191 B.C., contamporary of Commodus. His Dominions were invaded by Septimius Severus who took Ktesiphon in 199. On the death of Vologases IV., at the beginning of the reign of Caracalla, Parthia was torn asunder by contests for the crown between the sons of Vologeses. (Smith, W: Classical Dictionary) |
| Vonones II. | King of Parthia, 51 A.D. Nothing is known about his very short reign. |
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